SECCIÓN: DE PSICÓLOGA A JURISTA Y VICEVERSA
RESUMEN: Asistimos a un debate interminable sobre violencia, delito, maltrato, mujeres, hombres, sufrimiento, mentiras y otros “deslogros” sociales. Y todo ello, con la tozuda costumbre de acudir a las denuncias y los pleitos como único recurso. Hemos aprendido el camino al Juzgado, al enfrentamiento, al yo tengo razón y tú estás equivocado. ¿No hay alternativa?
TEXTO
Los discursos se enrocan dicotómicamente. A veces, hablamos de lo mismo y ni nos damos cuenta. A todos nos espanta la violencia sobre la mujer y nos indigna que se denuncie a hombres inocentes. Sin embargo, utilizamos conceptos y cifras sin entenderlas, y confundimos a las personas de a pie que creen, con literalidad, la versión de quien da la razón a sus emociones más enconadas, sin matiz ni argumento.
Las cifras saltan en las noticias sin más explicación: Si la fiscalía dice que solo el 0,01% de las denuncias de violencia de género son denuncias falsas, otros remarcan que, desde 2007, se presentan más de un millón de denuncias y sólo hay 200.000 condenatorias. Hay quien cataloga directamente como denuncias “falsas” la diferencia, sin advertir que las condenas penales no abarcan toda la gama de “faltas de respeto” que se pueden dar en una relación interpersonal.
Entre el respeto equilibrado o el diálogo igualitario y el delito penal, hay una larga línea de comportamientos, actitudes, tradiciones y hábitos incorporados en la vida cotidiana que puede ser inmensa.
RESPETO DELITO
Algo que no cumpla exactamente las características tipificadas por las leyes como delito, normalmente, no obtendrá una sentencia condenatoria por el poder judicial. Pero eso no significa que sea una conducta respetuosa, aceptable, equilibrada y adecuada entre personas. Empieza a haber faltas de respeto mucho antes de que haya un delito. Dichas faltas de respeto no son punibles ni deben serlo, porque se colapsaría la justicia pública que está para los supuestos más graves. El problema surge, terrible, por los movimientos sociales a los que asistimos en España, actualmente, cuando un comportamiento no se considera delito, pero tampoco es respetuoso. En el caso de la violencia de género, la mujer entiende la falta de condena como injusticia, porque no eran “falsas” las conductas que contaba y también era real el sufrimiento, el miedo y la necesidad de alejarse de esa situación. Por su parte, el hombre lo entiende como que ha sido injustamente vilipendiado con una denuncia falsa y cree que su comportamiento es perfectamente correcto, porque “el juez no lo ha condenado”.
Ambas creencias son erróneas. Todo se agrava si los o las abogados/as defensores cargan las tintas en contra de la otra parte, sin atender al derecho de sus clientes a buscar alternativas al pleito, como se recoge en el Código Deontológico de la Abogacía (art. 13. Apartado 9, letra e) y sin explicarles unas expectativas realistas de los posibles resultados del juicio. Con esta actitud incendiaria, la defensa se convierte en el peor enemigo del cliente y el cliente acaba en un mar de frustración (si pierde, incomprensiblemente para él/ella) o de empoderamiento absurdo (si gana, con una sentencia absolutoria) al impedirle reflexionar sobre qué está haciendo mal y qué es necesario cambiar en su comportamiento.
Todo resultaría más fácil si en vez de un debate antagonista sobre géneros, leyes, intereses económicos de subvenciones y dicotomías irreconciliables, dedicásemos recursos y esfuerzos a EDUCAR en el respeto, sin etiquetas de maltratadores y víctimas, desde la base de qué favorece el correcto trato entre las personas y qué no. Nos sería más fácil identificar una falta de respeto y corregirla desde su inicio. La población estaría más preparada para superar trayectorias culturales de desequilibrio que no pueden cambiar a golpe de ley radical ni de manifestaciones radicales por el otro extremo, en contra de esa misma ley.
El gran sistematizador de la violencia, Johan Galtung, aclara porqué la paz no es solo la ausencia de guerra. Del mismo modo, podemos entender que el respeto entre hombres y mujeres no es solo la ausencia de delito. Hay un largo camino que enseñar por en medio. Lo explicaremos en detalle la próxima semana.
Mercedes Matás-Castillo
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